Class Matrix

  • All Implemented Interfaces:
    java.io.Serializable, java.lang.Cloneable, RevisionHandler
    Direct Known Subclasses:
    PaceMatrix

    public class Matrix
    extends java.lang.Object
    implements java.lang.Cloneable, java.io.Serializable, RevisionHandler
    Jama = Java Matrix class.

    The Java Matrix Class provides the fundamental operations of numerical linear algebra. Various constructors create Matrices from two dimensional arrays of double precision floating point numbers. Various "gets" and "sets" provide access to submatrices and matrix elements. Several methods implement basic matrix arithmetic, including matrix addition and multiplication, matrix norms, and element-by-element array operations. Methods for reading and printing matrices are also included. All the operations in this version of the Matrix Class involve real matrices. Complex matrices may be handled in a future version.

    Five fundamental matrix decompositions, which consist of pairs or triples of matrices, permutation vectors, and the like, produce results in five decomposition classes. These decompositions are accessed by the Matrix class to compute solutions of simultaneous linear equations, determinants, inverses and other matrix functions. The five decompositions are:

    • Cholesky Decomposition of symmetric, positive definite matrices.
    • LU Decomposition of rectangular matrices.
    • QR Decomposition of rectangular matrices.
    • Singular Value Decomposition of rectangular matrices.
    • Eigenvalue Decomposition of both symmetric and nonsymmetric square matrices.
    Example of use:

    Solve a linear system A x = b and compute the residual norm, ||b - A x||.

           double[][] vals = {{1.,2.,3},{4.,5.,6.},{7.,8.,10.}};
           Matrix A = new Matrix(vals);
           Matrix b = Matrix.random(3,1);
           Matrix x = A.solve(b);
           Matrix r = A.times(x).minus(b);
           double rnorm = r.normInf();
     

    Adapted from the JAMA package. Additional methods are tagged with the @author tag.

    Version:
    $Revision: 1.8 $
    Author:
    The Mathworks and NIST, Fracpete (fracpete at waikato dot ac dot nz)
    See Also:
    Serialized Form
    • Constructor Summary

      Constructors 
      Constructor Description
      Matrix​(double[][] A)
      Construct a matrix from a 2-D array.
      Matrix​(double[][] A, int m, int n)
      Construct a matrix quickly without checking arguments.
      Matrix​(double[] vals, int m)
      Construct a matrix from a one-dimensional packed array
      Matrix​(int m, int n)
      Construct an m-by-n matrix of zeros.
      Matrix​(int m, int n, double s)
      Construct an m-by-n constant matrix.
      Matrix​(java.io.Reader r)
      Reads a matrix from a reader.
    • Constructor Detail

      • Matrix

        public Matrix​(int m,
                      int n)
        Construct an m-by-n matrix of zeros.
        Parameters:
        m - Number of rows.
        n - Number of colums.
      • Matrix

        public Matrix​(int m,
                      int n,
                      double s)
        Construct an m-by-n constant matrix.
        Parameters:
        m - Number of rows.
        n - Number of colums.
        s - Fill the matrix with this scalar value.
      • Matrix

        public Matrix​(double[][] A)
        Construct a matrix from a 2-D array.
        Parameters:
        A - Two-dimensional array of doubles.
        Throws:
        java.lang.IllegalArgumentException - All rows must have the same length
        See Also:
        constructWithCopy(double[][])
      • Matrix

        public Matrix​(double[][] A,
                      int m,
                      int n)
        Construct a matrix quickly without checking arguments.
        Parameters:
        A - Two-dimensional array of doubles.
        m - Number of rows.
        n - Number of colums.
      • Matrix

        public Matrix​(double[] vals,
                      int m)
        Construct a matrix from a one-dimensional packed array
        Parameters:
        vals - One-dimensional array of doubles, packed by columns (ala Fortran).
        m - Number of rows.
        Throws:
        java.lang.IllegalArgumentException - Array length must be a multiple of m.
      • Matrix

        public Matrix​(java.io.Reader r)
               throws java.lang.Exception
        Reads a matrix from a reader. The first line in the file should contain the number of rows and columns. Subsequent lines contain elements of the matrix. (FracPete: taken from old weka.core.Matrix class)
        Parameters:
        r - the reader containing the matrix
        Throws:
        java.lang.Exception - if an error occurs
        See Also:
        write(Writer)
    • Method Detail

      • constructWithCopy

        public static Matrix constructWithCopy​(double[][] A)
        Construct a matrix from a copy of a 2-D array.
        Parameters:
        A - Two-dimensional array of doubles.
        Throws:
        java.lang.IllegalArgumentException - All rows must have the same length
      • copy

        public Matrix copy()
        Make a deep copy of a matrix
      • clone

        public java.lang.Object clone()
        Clone the Matrix object.
      • getArray

        public double[][] getArray()
        Access the internal two-dimensional array.
        Returns:
        Pointer to the two-dimensional array of matrix elements.
      • getArrayCopy

        public double[][] getArrayCopy()
        Copy the internal two-dimensional array.
        Returns:
        Two-dimensional array copy of matrix elements.
      • getColumnPackedCopy

        public double[] getColumnPackedCopy()
        Make a one-dimensional column packed copy of the internal array.
        Returns:
        Matrix elements packed in a one-dimensional array by columns.
      • getRowPackedCopy

        public double[] getRowPackedCopy()
        Make a one-dimensional row packed copy of the internal array.
        Returns:
        Matrix elements packed in a one-dimensional array by rows.
      • getRowDimension

        public int getRowDimension()
        Get row dimension.
        Returns:
        m, the number of rows.
      • getColumnDimension

        public int getColumnDimension()
        Get column dimension.
        Returns:
        n, the number of columns.
      • get

        public double get​(int i,
                          int j)
        Get a single element.
        Parameters:
        i - Row index.
        j - Column index.
        Returns:
        A(i,j)
        Throws:
        java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
      • getMatrix

        public Matrix getMatrix​(int i0,
                                int i1,
                                int j0,
                                int j1)
        Get a submatrix.
        Parameters:
        i0 - Initial row index
        i1 - Final row index
        j0 - Initial column index
        j1 - Final column index
        Returns:
        A(i0:i1,j0:j1)
        Throws:
        java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException - Submatrix indices
      • getMatrix

        public Matrix getMatrix​(int[] r,
                                int[] c)
        Get a submatrix.
        Parameters:
        r - Array of row indices.
        c - Array of column indices.
        Returns:
        A(r(:),c(:))
        Throws:
        java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException - Submatrix indices
      • getMatrix

        public Matrix getMatrix​(int i0,
                                int i1,
                                int[] c)
        Get a submatrix.
        Parameters:
        i0 - Initial row index
        i1 - Final row index
        c - Array of column indices.
        Returns:
        A(i0:i1,c(:))
        Throws:
        java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException - Submatrix indices
      • getMatrix

        public Matrix getMatrix​(int[] r,
                                int j0,
                                int j1)
        Get a submatrix.
        Parameters:
        r - Array of row indices.
        j0 - Initial column index
        j1 - Final column index
        Returns:
        A(r(:),j0:j1)
        Throws:
        java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException - Submatrix indices
      • set

        public void set​(int i,
                        int j,
                        double s)
        Set a single element.
        Parameters:
        i - Row index.
        j - Column index.
        s - A(i,j).
        Throws:
        java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
      • setMatrix

        public void setMatrix​(int i0,
                              int i1,
                              int j0,
                              int j1,
                              Matrix X)
        Set a submatrix.
        Parameters:
        i0 - Initial row index
        i1 - Final row index
        j0 - Initial column index
        j1 - Final column index
        X - A(i0:i1,j0:j1)
        Throws:
        java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException - Submatrix indices
      • setMatrix

        public void setMatrix​(int[] r,
                              int[] c,
                              Matrix X)
        Set a submatrix.
        Parameters:
        r - Array of row indices.
        c - Array of column indices.
        X - A(r(:),c(:))
        Throws:
        java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException - Submatrix indices
      • setMatrix

        public void setMatrix​(int[] r,
                              int j0,
                              int j1,
                              Matrix X)
        Set a submatrix.
        Parameters:
        r - Array of row indices.
        j0 - Initial column index
        j1 - Final column index
        X - A(r(:),j0:j1)
        Throws:
        java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException - Submatrix indices
      • setMatrix

        public void setMatrix​(int i0,
                              int i1,
                              int[] c,
                              Matrix X)
        Set a submatrix.
        Parameters:
        i0 - Initial row index
        i1 - Final row index
        c - Array of column indices.
        X - A(i0:i1,c(:))
        Throws:
        java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException - Submatrix indices
      • isSymmetric

        public boolean isSymmetric()
        Returns true if the matrix is symmetric. (FracPete: taken from old weka.core.Matrix class)
        Returns:
        boolean true if matrix is symmetric.
      • isSquare

        public boolean isSquare()
        returns whether the matrix is a square matrix or not.
        Returns:
        true if the matrix is a square matrix
      • transpose

        public Matrix transpose()
        Matrix transpose.
        Returns:
        A'
      • norm1

        public double norm1()
        One norm
        Returns:
        maximum column sum.
      • norm2

        public double norm2()
        Two norm
        Returns:
        maximum singular value.
      • normInf

        public double normInf()
        Infinity norm
        Returns:
        maximum row sum.
      • normF

        public double normF()
        Frobenius norm
        Returns:
        sqrt of sum of squares of all elements.
      • uminus

        public Matrix uminus()
        Unary minus
        Returns:
        -A
      • plus

        public Matrix plus​(Matrix B)
        C = A + B
        Parameters:
        B - another matrix
        Returns:
        A + B
      • plusEquals

        public Matrix plusEquals​(Matrix B)
        A = A + B
        Parameters:
        B - another matrix
        Returns:
        A + B
      • minus

        public Matrix minus​(Matrix B)
        C = A - B
        Parameters:
        B - another matrix
        Returns:
        A - B
      • minusEquals

        public Matrix minusEquals​(Matrix B)
        A = A - B
        Parameters:
        B - another matrix
        Returns:
        A - B
      • arrayTimes

        public Matrix arrayTimes​(Matrix B)
        Element-by-element multiplication, C = A.*B
        Parameters:
        B - another matrix
        Returns:
        A.*B
      • arrayTimesEquals

        public Matrix arrayTimesEquals​(Matrix B)
        Element-by-element multiplication in place, A = A.*B
        Parameters:
        B - another matrix
        Returns:
        A.*B
      • arrayRightDivide

        public Matrix arrayRightDivide​(Matrix B)
        Element-by-element right division, C = A./B
        Parameters:
        B - another matrix
        Returns:
        A./B
      • arrayRightDivideEquals

        public Matrix arrayRightDivideEquals​(Matrix B)
        Element-by-element right division in place, A = A./B
        Parameters:
        B - another matrix
        Returns:
        A./B
      • arrayLeftDivide

        public Matrix arrayLeftDivide​(Matrix B)
        Element-by-element left division, C = A.\B
        Parameters:
        B - another matrix
        Returns:
        A.\B
      • arrayLeftDivideEquals

        public Matrix arrayLeftDivideEquals​(Matrix B)
        Element-by-element left division in place, A = A.\B
        Parameters:
        B - another matrix
        Returns:
        A.\B
      • times

        public Matrix times​(double s)
        Multiply a matrix by a scalar, C = s*A
        Parameters:
        s - scalar
        Returns:
        s*A
      • timesEquals

        public Matrix timesEquals​(double s)
        Multiply a matrix by a scalar in place, A = s*A
        Parameters:
        s - scalar
        Returns:
        replace A by s*A
      • times

        public Matrix times​(Matrix B)
        Linear algebraic matrix multiplication, A * B
        Parameters:
        B - another matrix
        Returns:
        Matrix product, A * B
        Throws:
        java.lang.IllegalArgumentException - Matrix inner dimensions must agree.
      • solve

        public Matrix solve​(Matrix B)
        Solve A*X = B
        Parameters:
        B - right hand side
        Returns:
        solution if A is square, least squares solution otherwise
      • solveTranspose

        public Matrix solveTranspose​(Matrix B)
        Solve X*A = B, which is also A'*X' = B'
        Parameters:
        B - right hand side
        Returns:
        solution if A is square, least squares solution otherwise.
      • inverse

        public Matrix inverse()
        Matrix inverse or pseudoinverse
        Returns:
        inverse(A) if A is square, pseudoinverse otherwise.
      • sqrt

        public Matrix sqrt()
        returns the square root of the matrix, i.e., X from the equation X*X = A.
        Steps in the Calculation (see sqrtm in Matlab):
        1. perform eigenvalue decomposition
          [V,D]=eig(A)
        2. take the square root of all elements in D (only the ones with positive sign are considered for further computation)
          S=sqrt(D)
        3. calculate the root
          X=V*S/V, which can be also written as X=(V'\(V*S)')'

        Note: since this method uses other high-level methods, it generates several instances of matrices. This can be problematic with large matrices.

        Examples:

        1.   X =
             5   -4    1    0    0
            -4    6   -4    1    0
             1   -4    6   -4    1
             0    1   -4    6   -4
             0    0    1   -4    5
           
            sqrt(X) =
             2   -1   -0   -0   -0 
            -1    2   -1    0   -0 
             0   -1    2   -1    0 
            -0    0   -1    2   -1 
            -0   -0   -0   -1    2 
            
            Matrix m = new Matrix(new double[][]{{5,-4,1,0,0},{-4,6,-4,1,0},{1,-4,6,-4,1},{0,1,-4,6,-4},{0,0,1,-4,5}});
             
        2.   X =
             7   10
            15   22
            
            sqrt(X) =
            1.5667    1.7408
            2.6112    4.1779
           
            Matrix m = new Matrix(new double[][]{{7, 10},{15, 22}});
             
        Returns:
        sqrt(A)
      • regression

        public LinearRegression regression​(Matrix y,
                                           double ridge)
        Performs a (ridged) linear regression. (FracPete: taken from old weka.core.Matrix class)
        Parameters:
        y - the dependent variable vector
        ridge - the ridge parameter
        Returns:
        the coefficients
        Throws:
        java.lang.IllegalArgumentException - if not successful
      • regression

        public final LinearRegression regression​(Matrix y,
                                                 double[] w,
                                                 double ridge)
        Performs a weighted (ridged) linear regression. (FracPete: taken from old weka.core.Matrix class)
        Parameters:
        y - the dependent variable vector
        w - the array of data point weights
        ridge - the ridge parameter
        Returns:
        the coefficients
        Throws:
        java.lang.IllegalArgumentException - if the wrong number of weights were provided.
      • det

        public double det()
        Matrix determinant
        Returns:
        determinant
      • rank

        public int rank()
        Matrix rank
        Returns:
        effective numerical rank, obtained from SVD.
      • cond

        public double cond()
        Matrix condition (2 norm)
        Returns:
        ratio of largest to smallest singular value.
      • trace

        public double trace()
        Matrix trace.
        Returns:
        sum of the diagonal elements.
      • random

        public static Matrix random​(int m,
                                    int n)
        Generate matrix with random elements
        Parameters:
        m - Number of rows.
        n - Number of colums.
        Returns:
        An m-by-n matrix with uniformly distributed random elements.
      • identity

        public static Matrix identity​(int m,
                                      int n)
        Generate identity matrix
        Parameters:
        m - Number of rows.
        n - Number of colums.
        Returns:
        An m-by-n matrix with ones on the diagonal and zeros elsewhere.
      • print

        public void print​(int w,
                          int d)
        Print the matrix to stdout. Line the elements up in columns with a Fortran-like 'Fw.d' style format.
        Parameters:
        w - Column width.
        d - Number of digits after the decimal.
      • print

        public void print​(java.io.PrintWriter output,
                          int w,
                          int d)
        Print the matrix to the output stream. Line the elements up in columns with a Fortran-like 'Fw.d' style format.
        Parameters:
        output - Output stream.
        w - Column width.
        d - Number of digits after the decimal.
      • print

        public void print​(java.text.NumberFormat format,
                          int width)
        Print the matrix to stdout. Line the elements up in columns. Use the format object, and right justify within columns of width characters. Note that is the matrix is to be read back in, you probably will want to use a NumberFormat that is set to US Locale.
        Parameters:
        format - A Formatting object for individual elements.
        width - Field width for each column.
        See Also:
        DecimalFormat.setDecimalFormatSymbols(java.text.DecimalFormatSymbols)
      • print

        public void print​(java.io.PrintWriter output,
                          java.text.NumberFormat format,
                          int width)
        Print the matrix to the output stream. Line the elements up in columns. Use the format object, and right justify within columns of width characters. Note that is the matrix is to be read back in, you probably will want to use a NumberFormat that is set to US Locale.
        Parameters:
        output - the output stream.
        format - A formatting object to format the matrix elements
        width - Column width.
        See Also:
        DecimalFormat.setDecimalFormatSymbols(java.text.DecimalFormatSymbols)
      • read

        public static Matrix read​(java.io.BufferedReader input)
                           throws java.io.IOException
        Read a matrix from a stream. The format is the same the print method, so printed matrices can be read back in (provided they were printed using US Locale). Elements are separated by whitespace, all the elements for each row appear on a single line, the last row is followed by a blank line.

        Note: This format differs from the one that can be read via the Matrix(Reader) constructor! For that format, the write(Writer) method is used (from the original weka.core.Matrix class).

        Parameters:
        input - the input stream.
        Throws:
        java.io.IOException
        See Also:
        Matrix(Reader), write(Writer)
      • write

        public void write​(java.io.Writer w)
                   throws java.lang.Exception
        Writes out a matrix. The format can be read via the Matrix(Reader) constructor. (FracPete: taken from old weka.core.Matrix class)
        Parameters:
        w - the output Writer
        Throws:
        java.lang.Exception - if an error occurs
        See Also:
        Matrix(Reader)
      • toString

        public java.lang.String toString()
        Converts a matrix to a string. (FracPete: taken from old weka.core.Matrix class)
        Overrides:
        toString in class java.lang.Object
        Returns:
        the converted string
      • toMatlab

        public java.lang.String toMatlab()
        converts the Matrix into a single line Matlab string: matrix is enclosed by parentheses, rows are separated by semicolon and single cells by blanks, e.g., [1 2; 3 4].
        Returns:
        the matrix in Matlab single line format
      • parseMatlab

        public static Matrix parseMatlab​(java.lang.String matlab)
                                  throws java.lang.Exception
        creates a matrix from the given Matlab string.
        Parameters:
        matlab - the matrix in matlab format
        Returns:
        the matrix represented by the given string
        Throws:
        java.lang.Exception
        See Also:
        toMatlab()
      • getRevision

        public java.lang.String getRevision()
        Returns the revision string.
        Specified by:
        getRevision in interface RevisionHandler
        Returns:
        the revision
      • main

        public static void main​(java.lang.String[] args)
        Main method for testing this class.